Application_2 EXHIBIT D
PHASE 1A AND PHASE 1B ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY
CERRONE BUILDERS 29-LOT CONSERVATION SUBDIVISION
SWEET ROAD
TOWN OF QUEENSBURY
WARREN COUNTY, NEW YORK
Prepared for
Cerrone Builders Inc.
51 Oak Valley Way
Queensbury, New York 12804
Prepared by
Curtin Archaeological Consulting, Inc.
61 Rowland Street
Ballston Spa, New York 12020
Report Authors:
Edward V. Curtin, Ph.D.
Andrew Farry, Ph.D.
t
July 2013
MANAGEMENT SUMMARY
SHPO Project Review Number: 13PR01?58
Involved State and Federal Agencies: SEQRA
Phase of Survey: Phase 1A/1 B
Location Information
Location: Sweet Road
Minor Civil Division: Town of Queensbury
County: Warren
Survey Area
Length: 1200 ft
Width: 1080 ft
Number of Acres Surveyed: 29.49+1-
USGS 7.5 Minute Quadrangle Map: Glens Falls
Archaeological Survey Overview
Number and Interval of Shovel Tests: 150 @ 15m
Number and Size of Test Units: n/a
Width of Plowed Strips: n/a
Surface Survey Transect Interval: n/a
Results of Archaeological Survey
Number and Name of Precontact Sites: 0
Number and Name of Historic Sites: 0
Number and Name of Sites Recommended for Phase II/Avoidance: 0
Results of Architectural Survey
Number of buildings/structures/cemeteries within Project Area: 0
Number of Buildings/structures/cemeteries adjacent to Project Area: 0
Number of Previously Determined NR Listed or Eligible buildings/
structures/cemeteries/districts: 0
Number of Identified eligible buildings/structures/cemeteries/districts: 0
Reports Authors: Edward V. Curtin, Ph.D. and Andrew Farry, Ph.D.
Report Date: July 2013
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
Project Location and Description 1
Scope of Work and Report Format 1
ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 1
SITE FILES RESEARCH 3
PREVIOUS RESEARCH 3
NATIONAL REGISTER SITES 4
MAP RESEARCH 4
MAP-DOCUMENTED STRUCTURES 5
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY 5
PRIOR DISTURBANCE 5
PHASE 1A SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5
PHASE 1B ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS 5
PHASE 1B ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESULTS 6
Shovel Testing 6
Soil Stratigraphy 6
Modern/Recent Historic Assemblage 6
PHASE 1B FIELD SURVEY SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 8
REFERENCES 9
APPENDIX A: FIGURES 10
APPENDIX B: PHOTOS 23
APPENDIX C: SHOVEL TEST PIT RECORDS 30
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the F4udson avoided significant waterfalls upstream. The environmental setting at this spatial
scale contributed significantly to the larger region's rich history.
From a broad geographical perspective, the project APE lies within the Hudson Valley
subdivision of the Hudson Mohawk Lowland physiographic province. Cressey (1977:29)
describes this as"a 10-to 20-mile-wide lowland lying between the Helderberg Escarpment and
Catskills on the west and the Taconics on the east. North of Albany it is wide and flat, covered
with glacial lake deposits. Farther south the valley narrows and contains a complex of hills and
terraces underlain with highly folded sedimentary rocks." The project setting is within the extreme
northern section of this physiographic province.
In terms of native vegetation, the state as a whole consists of a complex of northern
hardwood species (excepting the Adirondacks and southeast)that can be divided into a typology
of 5 specific forest zones, and the parcel lies within the Oak-Northern Hardwood subdivision of
this mosaic (De Laubenfels 1977). The Oak-Northern Hardwood zone is described primarily as a
transition zone where oaks and the northern hardwood species alternate or intermingle,
particularly on the moister and deeper soils along the Hudson Valley. This suggests that the
prehistoric forested landscape of the project parcel would have been covered primarily with beech
and sugar maple and considerable oak, with associated ash, basswood, cherry, birch, and white
pine.
In terms of general soil properties, the project APE lies among soils that formed in glacial
lake sediments on outwash plains, terraces and lakebeds of ancient Lake Albany. Three distinct
soil types have been mapped within the project APE (Figure 3; Table 1; USDA 1989). The
majority of the APE consists of Oakville loamy fine sand(OaB, OaC), which range between 3-8%
and 8-15% slopes. This soil type includes much of the APE. Hinckley cobbly loamy sand is
mapped on the western side of the project site, while Plainville and Oakville steep soils are found
on the east. Hinckley cobbly sandy loam is known as a source of sand and gravel. The soil
descriptions in Table 1 are generally consistent with the soils found within the project site, with the
exception that many shovel tests in mapped Oakville locations found more rocky-cobbly soil than
expected.
Table 1: Soil Descriptions (USDA 2004)
Name Soil Horizon Depth Texture, Slope
(symbol) cm (in) Color Inclusions % Drainage Landform
Hinckley cobbly A: (0-4) V dk gr Co sa lo 3-8 Excessively Terraces and
sandy loam B (4-27) Dk br& V gry lo drained benches in valleys;
(HnB) Dk ye br Gry sa or undulating plains
C: (27-60+) 01 br Strat v gry sa
Oakville loamy A: (0-8) Dk gy br Lo fi sa 3-8 well drained Outwash plains
fine sand (OaB) B: (8-27) Ye br Sa
C: (27-60+) Lt ol br&dk gr Sa
br
Oakville loamy A: (0-8) Dk gy br Lo fi sa 8-15 i well drained Outwash plains
fine sand (OaC) B: (8-27) Ye br Sa 1
C: (27-60+) Lt ol br&dk gr Sa
br
Plainville and ) A: (0-10) Dk gr br Fine sand >15% excessively Side slopes of
■ Oakville, steep B: (10-25) Ye br& it ol br Sand well drained benches and
(PoE) C: (25-60+) Lt br gr Sand and well terraces
drained
Key: v:very; dk:dark; It:light; gy:gray; br:brown; ol:olive; ye:yellow; lo:loam; sa:sand; grv:gravel; co:cobbly
Past land uses include agriculture and mining, with definite visible evidence of mining in
the western section. It is assumed that the land was cleared and farmed before mining and
adjacent to the mined areas. The vegetation has reverted to relatively young forest(<50-60 years
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old), without open scrub and weeds in the former mine.i Existing conditions are shown in Photos
2-12.
SITE FILES RESEARCH
The archaeological site files of the New York State Museum (NYSM) and the Office of
Parks. Recreation, and Historic Preservation (OPRHP), both maintained by OPRHP, were
reviewed in order to identify whether archaeological resources have been reported previously
within or adjacent to the project boundaries. This site file search was conducted to cover an
approximate one-mile radius around the project area. Thirteen previously recorded
archaeological sites were identified within the search radius. None of these sites occur within or
adjacent to the proposed project. The previously recorded sites are listed in Table 2.
Table 2: Archaeological Site File Search Results
NYSOPRHP Site Additional Site# Distance to Time Period Site Type
# APE m(ft)
1 1308.000224 Miller Hill Farm 1124 (3688) 19th century Farmhouse
Historic Site
11308.000225 Miller Hill Prehistoric 1466 (4810) Woodland Camp
Camp Site
11308.000006 Animal Land Site 1511 (4957) Unidentified precontact No info
11308.000037 Alb 240,ACP 1 1070 (3510) Unidentified precontact Village
11308.000040 Alb 243, ACP 6 292 (958) Woodland Camp
11308.000017 NYSM 5072, HAA 1330(4364) Unidentified precontact Village
44-6,Warn-10
11308.000039 ACP 7, Alb 242 981 (3219) Unidentified precontact Village
Quaker Meeting Cemetery,
11308.000074 House& Burial 1547(5075) Historic Euroamerican Meetinghouse
Ground Site
French& Indian
11308.000073 Fort Amherst Site 1217(3993) 1750s War Supply
Depot
11308.000072 Seven Mile Post 1512(4961) 1750s French & Indian
(Halfway Post) War
NYSM 5072,ACP 1281 (4203) Unidentified precontact Village
Warn 10
NYSM 5068, ACP 1345(4413) Woodland Camp
Warn 6
NYSM 5063,ACP
I Warn 1 1040(3412) Unidentified precontact Village
The site files search identified a mix of precontact and historic period sites within the 1-
mile search radius. None are closer to the project site than 958 feet (approximately 2/10 mile).
Little is known about the precise period of the precontact period sites. Both village sites and
campsites (often reported using antiquated concepts or evaluations) are identified. No precontact
or historic Native American burial sites are reported.
Several of the historic period sites date to the 18th century, either to the French and Indian
War or the period of Quaker settlement that occurred soon afterward. In addition. a 19th century
farmstead was identified.
PREVIOUS RESEARCH
The following literature represents submitted archaeological survey reports within the one-
mile search radius.
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Curtin, Edward V., Consulting Archaeologist
2002 Phase 1A/1 B Archaeological Survey, Proposed Route 9 Sewer District, Town of
Queensbury, Warren County, New York.
Clark, Nancy and L. Jason Fenton
2007 Phase 1A Archaeological Literature Review and Sensitivity Assessment& Phase IB
i Archaeological Field Reconnaissance, Proposed Lake George RV Resort Project, Town
of Queensbury, Warren County, New York.
Henke, Janice
1977 Evaluation & Cultural Resources Within Warren County New York Sanitary Sewer District
2nd Alternate.
The data from the archaeological site files indicate that the Henke and Clark and Fenton
reports do not show evidence of archaeological sites in the vicinity of the present project.
The report by Edward V. Curtin, Consulting Archaeologist also did not identify
archaeological sites in the vicinity of the present project site. This survey included shovel testing
along both sides of Sweet Road immediately adjacent to the project site (this report, Photos 2 and
3), including the road entrance and sewer connection along Sweet Road. During the 2002 survey,
shovel testing was intensified along both sides of Sweet Road in this vicinity in response to a
suggestion from a former local resident that an old Indian or military road may be in the vicinity.
However, despite shovel testing at a reduced (5 meter) interval, no evidence of archaeological
sites or of a possibly historic road or trail other than Sweet Road was found. A haul road into the
gravel mine intersects Sweet Road in this vicinity, and during 2002, 5-meter interval shovel testing
was conducted at this intersection, without finding evidence of historic activity.
NATIONAL REGISTER SITES
No National Register of Historic Places listed sites were identified in the vicinity of the
propqsed project.
MAP RESEARCH
The following maps, ordered chronologically, were consulted to identify possible historic
sites. Where possible, maps were rectified using ArcGIS 9.1 software. Map coverage is inclusive
for the years 1779 to 1955.
Table 3: Historic Maps Consulted
Date Figure Author Title Listing in/near APE
A Chorographical Map of the Province of
1779 6 C.J. Sauthier New York -
1829 7 David H. Burr Atlas of Warren County, New York -
House southeast of project area,
1858 8 Chace Map of Warren County probably the Sweet house
Sweet house shown east of
project site(map distortion is
1876 9 D. Beers Atlas of Warren County, New York noted)
Sweet house shown near the
1895- southeast corner of the project
1927 10 USGS 15'Glens Falls Quad site
Sweet house shown on the south
side of Sweet Road, opposite the
1947- southeast corner of the project
1955 11 1 USGS 15'Glens Falls Quad site.
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MAP-DOCUMENTED STRUCTURES
There are no map documented structures within or immediately adjacent to the project
site shown on mapping through 1955. The only house in the general vicinity is the Sweet house
(Photo 1) on the other side of Sweet Road. The Sweet house appears to be recorded on the
1858 map, and is shown thereafter with increasing accuracy and precision on the 1876,
1895/1927 and 1947/1955 maps. It is screened from the project by trees that will remain on the
project site. The modern (1966 7.5') USGS quad (Figure 2) shows more recent structures in the
general vicinity, although none are shown within the project boundaries. The western portion of
the project site is labeled "gravel pit" on the 1966 USGS quad.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY
The project site has been considered sensitive for the occurrence of precontact period
(a.k.a. prehistoric) archaeological sites due to the occurrence of several precontact sites in the
one mile search radius, and the environmentally conducive location near the head of the gully with
waters that feed Halfway Brook.
The project APE has low sensitivity for the presence of historic period archaeological
resources, since there are no map documented structures within the project parcel. Also, prior
survey in the immediate vicinity has not found evidence of historic archaeological sites in or
adjacent to the project site (Curtin 2002). Historically recorded military sites, such as those
identified in the site file search, reportedly occur some distance (i.e., more than '/ mile) away.
PRIOR DISTURBANCE
Extensive prior disturbance due to mining has occurred in the western section of the
project site. The evidence of mining activity is visible on the ground, as well as in the steep
contours marking cut banks on project mapping. The location of the mine is noted on the 1966
USGS topographic map (Figure 2). Prior disturbance is deep and extensive enough to remove
archaeological sensitivity from the mined area. Photos 7, 10, and 11 show the mined area. More
limited disturbance has been created by the construction of a dirt bike obstacle course (an
example showing series of long, deep excavated pits is presented in Photo 8). This is in the
vicinity of Transects 11 and 12 in the eastern section of the APE.
PHASE 1A SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A complete and comprehensive Phase 1A study has been conducted. Based on
environmental considerations and site file search results, the project parcel is deemed sensitive
for the presence of precontact period archaeological sites. and has low sensitivity for historic
period archaeological sites. Given the sensitivity for precontact period sites, a Phase 1B survey is
necessary. The results of the Phase 1B survey are presented below.
PHASE 1B ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS
The Phase 1B field survey was conducted over the course of 2 weeks during June 2012.
Weather conditions were generally sunny while fieldwork was conducted, but with thunderstorms
and intermittent rain. The transects were laid out by the field director; the shovel testing was
conducted by the field director and 4 field technicians.
The Phase 1B field methodology was guided by Section 2.3 of the New York
Archaeological Council Standards (NYAC 1994) as well as guidelines provided by the New York
State Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation (SHPO 2005). In areas that were not
characterized by high slope or obvious disturbance, parallel transects of shovel test pits (STPs)
were placed at a 15m (50ft) interval within the project APE; along these transects, shovel tests
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were deployed every 15 meters. All soils were screened through Y4-inch mesh hardware cloth,
with artifacts bagged per stratum.
Photographs (Appendix B)were taken of the project APE to demonstrate current
conditions, including areas of visibly obvious prior disturbance. Following the completion of
fieldwork, all field data were brought to the Curtin Archaeology labs for processing and analysis.
PHASE 1B ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESULTS
Shovel Testing
A total of 155 STPs were deployed across the unmined portion of the APE (also, 2 areas
with slopes in excess of 12-15%were not shovel tested). Of this deployment, 5 STPs were not
excavated due to either high slope (>12-15%) or previous disturbance associated with broad and
deep excavation to create a dirt bike obstacle course containing pits.
Table 4: Phase 1B STP Summary
STPs n=
@15m 155
1 no digs -5
Total 150
Given the variable nature of sandy or cobbly soil, STP depth varied. The STPs were
excavated through the topsoil into the subsoil. Where sand prevailed, excavation was typically to
depths greater than 50 cm. Where sand overlay gravelly-or gravelly-rocky soil, or where cobbly
soil prevailed, excavation often was less deep, but still typically in excess of 40 cm. All deployed
shovel tests are displayed on Figure 12. Figure 12 also shows the area previously tested along
Sweet Road (Curtin 2002). The shovel test pit records are presented in Appendix C.
Soil Stratigraphy
Phase 1B excavations revealed an overall soil profile within the project APE that met
expectations reasonably well in comparison to the soil survey data summarized in the Phase 1A
survey. The main departure was in the occurrence of gravel and rocks in or below predominately
sandy soil, especially at depth. In some cases the mapped sandy soil type may overlie cobbly
soil.
Most often, the soil profile consisted of a medium brown loamy sand, 20-40 cm thick, over
a yellow brown or dark yellow brown loamy sand subsoil. Occasionally a lighter yellow or yellow
gray third stratum was reached. An alternative profile found in some areas consisted of rocky to
very rocky or cobbly sandy soil with similar horizonation and color. The amount of gravel in the
sandy soil varied, but a trace was noted frequently, and the volume of gravel sometimes
increased with depth. The remaining Hinckley soil was similar but with more cobbles and gravel.
1 Occasionally, buried A horizons were noted below a thin, redeposited brown soil. In some
STPs, truncation of the original A and upper B was noted.
No precontact period artifacts were found. Modern or recent historic artifacts were found
in the topsoil, and in one case (at STP 24/4) in the subsoil.
Modern/Recent Historic Assemblage
Modern or recent historic artifacts were found in 40 archaeological contexts, including the
topsoil of 38 STPs, and the topsoil and subsoil of STP 24/4.
The kinds of artifacts recovered include undecorated whiteware (manufactured 1820 to
present-day); modern whiteware made for the tourist trade, bearing partial emblems of Fort
William Henry; modern whiteware with floral decal on the body or gold paint on the rim; modern or
late historic whiteware with maker's marks such as Syracuse China or Petrus (R)egout and
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Company; a redware flower pot fragment; clear, green, or brown bottle or vessel glass; animal
teeth; animal bone fragments (most often butchered); clamshell (and possible snail shell);
individual pieces of flat glass and plastic: and unidentified ferrous metal fragments.
Nails and roofing materials are notably missing from this assemblage, as is window(flat)
glass, with one exception. Also missing are other various kinds of artifacts typically associated
with historic period archaeological sites, such as smoking pipe fragments. personal items, early
ceramic wares, and 18th-19th century utilitarian wares, such as glazed redware or salt-glazed gray
stoneware.
Table 5: Artifact Inventory
STP Stratum *FS No. Artifacts
2/1 1 1 6 whiteware,1 flat glass
2/2 11 2 1 brown bottle glass, 1 whiteware, 1 plastic
2/3 1 3 1 clear bottle glass
2/5 1 4 2 clam shell
3/1 1 5 4 clear bottle glass
3/2 1 6 1 clear glass,possibly etched
3/3 1 1 7 2 whiteware, possibly refit, modern Fort William Henry decal
3/4- 1 8 1 green bottle glass, 1 clear bottle glass
4/1 1 9 3 whiteware. 3 clear vessel glass, 1 dark green bottle glass
4/2 1 10 5 clear vessel glass, 2 whiteware (1 w/pink and yellow flower decal)
4/3 1 111 2 clear bottle glass, 4 clam shell
5/1 1 12 1 whiteware
6/3 1 13 19 fragments of clear glass from 1 bottle
9/8 1 1 14 1 whiteware
10/3 1 15 2 whiteware incl. 1 w/modem Fort William Henry decal
12/5 1 16 1 whiteware
12/8 1 17 1 whiteware. 1 clear bottle glass
13/8 1 18 1 whiteware
14/3 1 19 1 whiteware
15/2 1 20 1 whiteware with trace of unidentified makers mark
15/12 1 21 9 whiteware,very fragmentary
16/10 1 22 1 whiteware
17/1 1 23 1 whiteware
17/8 1 24 1 clear vessel glass
18/9 1 25 1 large butchered bone-bovine
18/10 1 26 1 whiteware w/makers mark; sphinx reclining over cartouche containing
Petrus(R)egout& Co, Maastricht, Holland
19/1 1 27 1 clam or snail shell
19/3 1 39 2 whiteware
19/5 1 28 1 whiteware w/trace of•old paint on rim
19/10 1 29 1 redware flower pot fragment; 3 whiteware (refit/1 dish); 2 ferrous metal
fragments
20/6 1 1 30 3 animal bone and tooth
20/8 1 31 1 redware (poss.flower pot frag); 3 clam shell;4 clear bottle glass
20/9 1 32 1 clear bottle glass, 1 clam shell
21/2 1 40 1 whiteware
21/3 1 33 2 clam shell
22/1 1 34 1 whiteware w/makers mark: Syracuse China
22/2 1 35 12 clam shell, 2 whiteware, 1 green bottle glass
23/2 1 36 1 whiteware
24/4 1 37 1 ferrous metal fragment
24/4 , 2 38 1 whiteware, 1 clam shell, 1 cut animal bone
*FS No. =field specimen number
The full artifact inventory is presented by provenience in Table 5. Some of this
assemblage may be residual from materials inadvertently spread with fertilizer. Other items may
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represent varied incidental, even recreational activities on the property. However, this refuse is
widely scattered, and the assemblage does not indicate the presence of an archaeological site.
Most STPs containing artifacts produced only a few (1-7) items. In some cases, where
more items were recovered, as in the case of glass bottle fragments at STP 6/3, or probably
where 9 small whiteware sherds were found at STP 15/12, a single item has broken into many
pieces.
With respect to periods of manufacture, undecorated whiteware has been made from
1820 to the present day; no further refinement of dating is possible. The ceramics with readable
maker's marks appear to indicate 20`h century dates of manufacture [for example, the Sphinx
emblem on Petrus Regout ceramics has been used since 1879 (InfoFaience 2011-2013), and the
version depicted in this collection is similar to that used in the 1920s and 1930s]. The flower decal
and gold paint on rim treatments also date to the late 19`h and 20Th centuries. The limited diversity
of the artifact assemblage suggests that the majority of items present were selectively transported
into the project site for limited purposes, such as meals or recreation, with a minority perhaps
spread inadvertently with fertilizer. Spatially, the artifact finds are dispersed, with tendencies to be
relatively proximal (within 300 feet) of Sweet Road, or to occur on the other side of the National
Grid power line from the rest of the project(and close to several property lines). These areas are
reasonably accessible to foot or other traffic along the road, the power line corridor, or adjoining
properties, and from these points of entrance into the survey area.
PHASE 1B FIELD SURVEY SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The Phase 1 B archaeological survey of the proposed Cerrone Builders 29-Lot
Conservation Subdivision on Sweet Road has identified no archaeological sites. The western
portion of the project site is a former mine identified on USGS mapping as long ago as 1966 as a
gravdl pit. The unmined portion has been shovel tested comprehensively through the excavation
of 150 shovel test pits spaced at 15 meter(50 foot) intervals. No precontact period or early
historic period artifacts were found. The artifacts that were recovered appear to represent
incidental late-19`h through 20t century activities. In addition, the adjoining area next to Sweet
Road was archaeologically surveyed in 2002, and identified no evidence of archaeological sites.
As a result of the combined findings of the Phase 1A and 1 B surveys, no archaeological
sites have been identified, and no additional archaeological survey is recommended.
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1 REFERENCES
Cressey, George B.
1977 Land Forms. In Geography of New York State, John H. Thompson, editor. New York:
Syracuse University Press.
Curtin, Edward V. Consulting Archaeologist
2002 Phase 1A/1B Archaeological Survey, Proposed Route 9 Sewer District, Town of
Queensbury. Warren County, New York. Edward V. Curtin Consulting Archaeologist,
Saratoga Springs, New York.
De Laubenfels, David J.
1977 Vegetation. In Geography of New York State, John H. Thompson, editor. Syracuse
University Press, New York.
InfoFaience
2011-2013 InfoFaience website, re: search of"Petrus Regout pottery history". Consulted on July
2, 2013
New York Archaeological Council (NYAC)
1994 Standards for Cultural Resource Investigations and the Curation of Archaeological
Collections in New York State. http://nyarchaeology.org/assests/standards/
NYACStandards.pdf.
New Work State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (SHPO)
2005 Phase I Archaeological Report Format Requirements. http://nysparks.com/shpo/
environmental-review/documents/PhaselReportStandards.pdf
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
1989 Soil Survey of Warren County, New York.
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APPENDIX A: FIGURES
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Figure 1: Project Location, Glens Falls Digital Raster Graphic �''�"- %�� CI
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Figure 2: Topographic setting of project parcel, USGS Glens Falls DRG - 4
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Figure 6: 1779 Sauthier map showing approximate project location
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Figure 9: Rectified 1876 Beers map ilmilliPPILSWIII.
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Figure 10: Rectified 1897/ 1927 USGS Glens Falls quadrangle N
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